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Curriculum
- 61 Sections
- 624 Lessons
- 25 Weeks
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- LIVE CLASSES & DOUBT SESSION1
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 1: Mathematics for Chemists23
- 2.0Importance of Mathematics in Chemistry
- 2.1Numbers: Fundamental Ideas
- 2.2Variables: Algebra of Real and Complex Numbers
- 2.3Units: Concept and Conversion
- 2.4Algebraic Equations
- 2.5Geometry
- 2.6Mensuration
- 2.7Algebraic Functions
- 2.8Trigonometric Relations and Functions
- 2.9Exponential Functions
- 2.10Logarithmic Functions and Relations
- 2.11Hyperbolic Functions
- 2.12Functions of Several Variables
- 2.13Limit and Continuity
- 2.14Differentiation
- 2.15Integration
- 2.16Differential Equations
- 2.17Sequences and Series
- 2.18Vectors
- 2.19Matrices and Determinants
- 2.20Data Analysis
- 2.21Probability
- 2.22Permutation and Combination
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 2: Old Quantum Theory: The Genesis8
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 3: Modern Quantum Theory: Concepts and Application to Simple Systems23
- 4.1Properties of Particles and Waves
- 4.2Dual Nature of Light
- 4.3Dual Nature of Matter
- 4.4de-Broglie Relation and Bohr Angular Momentum
- 4.5Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- 4.6Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
- 4.7Acceptable and Non-Acceptable Functions
- 4.8Operator Algebra
- 4.9Important Quantum Mechanical Operators
- 4.10Operator Evaluation and Resultant Operator
- 4.11Commutation Relation Between Different Operators
- 4.12Significance of Operator Commutation and Uncertainty Principle
- 4.13Hermitian Operators
- 4.14Max-Born Interpretation of a Wave Function
- 4.15Normalized and Orthogonal Wavefunctions
- 4.16Particle in a One-Dimensional Box
- 4.17Particle in a Two-Dimensional Box
- 4.18Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box
- 4.19Hydrogen Atom – Wave Mechanical Model
- 4.20Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- 4.21Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator
- 4.22Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator
- 4.23Diatomic Rigid Rotator
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 4: Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Complex Systems11
- 5.1Approximation Methods for Complex Quantum Mechanical Systems
- 5.2Variation Method in Quantum Mechanics
- 5.3Perturbation Theory in Quantum Mechanics
- 5.4Antisymmetric Wave Functions and Pauli Exclusion Principle
- 5.5Aufbau Principle
- 5.6Wavefunctions of Many-Electron Atoms: Slater Determinants
- 5.7Slater’s Rules
- 5.8Angular Momentum of Multi-Electron Atoms
- 5.9Electronic States of Atoms: Term Symbols
- 5.10Hund’s Rules
- 5.11Quantum Mechanical Tunneling
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 5: Chemical Bonding: Molecular Quantum Mechanics12
- 6.1Lewis Theory of Chemical Bonding
- 6.2Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
- 6.3Heitler-London’s Valence Bond Theory for Diatomic Molecules & Its Application to H2 & H2+
- 6.4Heitler-London-Slater’s Valence Bond Theory for Diatomic Molecules
- 6.5Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling’s Valence Bond Theory for Polyatomic Molecules
- 6.6Structural Hybridization: Application of Valence Bond Theory to Delocalized Chemical Bond
- 6.7Orbital Hybridization: Application of Valence Bond Theory to Shape of Molecules
- 6.8Molecular Orbital Theory for Diatomic Molecules & Its Application to H2 & H2+
- 6.9Molecular Orbital Diagram of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: O2, F2, Ne2, N2, He2+
- 6.10Molecular Term Symbols for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
- 6.11Molecular Orbital Diagram of Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules: CO, NO
- 6.12Huckel Molecular Orbital Theory of Conjugated π-Systems
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 6: Group Theory and Molecular Symmetry: Spectral and Chemical Applications28
- 7.1Definition and Significance of Symmetry
- 7.2Polygons and Polyhedral Geometries
- 7.3Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations
- 7.4Axis of Rotation or Symmetry Axis (Cn)
- 7.5Plane of Symmetry or Symmetry Plane (σ)
- 7.6Center of Symmetry or Inversion Center (i)
- 7.7Improper Axis of Rotation or Alternating Axis of Symmetry (Sn)
- 7.8Molecular Point Groups
- 7.9Matrix Representations of Geometrical Operations
- 7.10Molecular Point Groups as Mathematical Groups
- 7.11Group Multiplication Tables: C2v and C3v
- 7.12Similarity Transformation and Symmetry Classes
- 7.13Reducible and Irreducible Representations: Matrix Forms of Symmetry Operation of Molecular Point Groups
- 7.14The Great Orthogonality Theorem: Properties of Irreducible Representations
- 7.15Character Tables: Definition and Their Construction
- 7.16Nomenclature of Irreducible Representations: Mulliken Symbols
- 7.17Mulliken Symmetry of Translational Vectors and Their Significance
- 7.18Mulliken Symmetry of Rotational Vectors and their Significance
- 7.19Mulliken Symmetry of Cartesian Tensors and Their Significance
- 7.20Reduction Formula: Resolution of a Reducible Representation into its Irreducible Components
- 7.21Mulliken Symmetry of Total Degree of Freedom
- 7.22Mulliken Symmetry of Vibrational Degree of Freedom: IR and Raman Activity
- 7.23Valence Bond Treatment of σ-Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry
- 7.24Valence Bond Treatment of π-Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry
- 7.25Molecular Orbital Treatment of σ-Bonding Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry
- 7.26Molecular Orbital Treatment of π-Bonding Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry
- 7.27Determination of the Spectral Transition Probability Using Molecular Symmetry
- 7.28List of Character Tables of Some Important Point Groups
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 7: Solid State Chemistry24
- 8.0Definition and Classification of Solids
- 8.1Crystallography: Definition and Important Terminology
- 8.2Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations in Crystallographic Systems
- 8.3Crystallographic Axis and Axial Ratio
- 8.4Laws of Crystallography
- 8.5Crystallographic Point Groups, Crystal Systems, and Crystal Families
- 8.6Space Lattice, Unit Cell, and Crystallographic Planes
- 8.7Bravais Lattices and Space Groups
- 8.8Close Packing in Crystals and Unit Cell Generation
- 8.9Calculation of Number of Particles Per Unit Cell in Cubic Systems
- 8.10Mass, Volume and Density of Different Types of Unit Cells
- 8.11Nearest Neighbouring Distance, Edge Length, and Radius of the Sphere in Cubic Systems
- 8.12Radius Ratio Rule: Size of Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids in Cubic Crystal Systems
- 8.13Packing Efficiency or Packing Fraction in Close Packing
- 8.14Interplanar Separation and Interplanar Angle
- 8.15Isomorphism and Polymorphism
- 8.16Lattice Defects in Solids
- 8.17Band Theory of Solids
- 8.18Crystal Structure of Some Important Solids
- 8.19Diffraction of Electromagnetic Radiation
- 8.20Diffraction of X-Ray by Crystals
- 8.21Bragg’s Law of X-Ray Diffraction
- 8.22Powder Method of X-Ray Diffraction
- 8.23X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of a Cubic Crystal System
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 1: Chemical Thermodynamics28
- 9.0Definition, Basic Terminology and Sign Convention of Thermodynamics
- 9.1Concept of Internal Energy, Heat, and Work
- 9.2Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- 9.3First law of Thermodynamics
- 9.4Heat Capacity
- 9.5Joule’s Law
- 9.6Joule Thomson Effect
- 9.7Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
- 9.8Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
- 9.9Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
- 9.10Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 9.11Entropy
- 9.12Internal Energy
- 9.13Enthalpy or Heat Content
- 9.14Helmholtz Free Energy or Work Function
- 9.15Gibbs Free Energy or Gibbs Function
- 9.16Maxwell Thermodynamics Relations
- 9.17Thermodynamic Equations of State
- 9.18Partial Molar Quantities
- 9.19Gibbes-Duhem Equation
- 9.20Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation
- 9.21Thermodynamic Relations from Ideal Gas Equation
- 9.22Nernst Heat Theorem
- 9.23Third Law of Thermodynamics
- 9.24Thermochemistry: Definition, Important Terms, and Chemical Equations
- 9.25Hess’s Law
- 9.26Heat of the Reaction at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure
- 9.27Kirchhoff’s Equation: Variation of Enthalpy of a Reaction with Temperature
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 2: Chemical Kinetics22
- 10.0Definition, History and Applications of Chemical Kinetics
- 10.1Classification of Chemical Reactions on the Basis of Speed and Heat Change
- 10.2Rate of Reaction: Definition, Types, and Factors Affecting
- 10.3Law of Mass Action and Rate Law: Rate Constant and Order of the Reaction
- 10.4Integrated Rate Law
- 10.5Half-life Period: Zero, First, Second and Third-order Reactions
- 10.6Methods of Determining Order of the Reaction and Rate Law
- 10.7Kinetics of Radioactive Disintegration
- 10.8Arrhenius Equation: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
- 10.9Steady-State and Pre-Equilibrium Approximation
- 10.10Opposing or Reversible Reactions
- 10.11Parallel or Side or Concurrent Reactions
- 10.12Consecutive or Sequential Reactions
- 10.13Chain Reactions
- 10.14Collision Theory of Reaction Rate
- 10.15Transition State Theory
- 10.16Catalysis: Definition, Types, and Important Terminology
- 10.17Michaelis-Menten Equation: Kinetics of Enzyme Catalysed Reactions
- 10.18Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee Equations: Derivation, Plot, and Method
- 10.19Kinetic Study of Fast Reactions
- 10.20Photochemical Reactions: Definition, Types, Terminology, and Kinetics
- 10.21Photophysical Processes: Definition, Types, Terminology, and Kinetics
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 3: Electrochemistry22
- 11.0Definition History and Applications of Electrochemistry
- 11.1Electric Current: Definition, Types, and Basic Terminology
- 11.2Electrolytic Conduction: Definition, Cell Constant, and Factors Affecting
- 11.3Transport Number of an Ion
- 11.4Kohlrausch’s Law: Independent Migration of Ions
- 11.5Conductometric Titrations
- 11.6Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
- 11.7Ostwald Dilution Law
- 11.8Debye-Huckel Theory of Ion-Ion Interactions
- 11.9Debye-Huckel Limiting Law of Activity Coefficients
- 11.10Debye-Huckle Theory of Strong Electrolyte
- 11.11Electrochemical Cell
- 11.12Relationship Between Electrical Energy and Chemical Energy
- 11.13Electrode Potential
- 11.14Electrochemical Series and its Applications
- 11.15Nernst Equation: Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Electrode Potential and EMF of a Cell
- 11.16Potentiometric Titrations
- 11.17Concentration Cells
- 11.18Bronsted-Bjerrum Equation: Effect of Ionic Strength on the Rate of Reaction
- 11.19Electrode Polarization
- 11.20Electrolysis
- 11.21Overpotential: Definition, Types (Cathodic and Anodic Overvoltage), and Applications
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 4: Chemical and Phase Equilibria13
- 12.0Chemical Equilibria: Definition, Type, and Characteristic Features
- 12.1Law of Chemical Equilibrium
- 12.2Equilibrium Constant: Definition, Types, Characteristic Features, Effect of Temperature, and Applications
- 12.3Chemical Equilibrium in Terms of Free Energy Change
- 12.4Le Chatelier’s Principle: Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
- 12.5Van’t Hoff Reaction Isotherm
- 12.6Van’t Hoff Equation of Reaction Isochore: Variation of Equilibrium Constant with Temperature
- 12.7Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- 12.8Phase Equilibrium: Definition, Criteria, and Basic Terminology
- 12.9Gibbs Phase Rule
- 12.10Phase Diagram of One Component Systems
- 12.11Phase Diagram of Two Component Systems
- 12.12Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 5: Surface and Colloidal Chemistry16
- 13.0Adsorption: Definition, Types, factors Affecting, and Hysteresis
- 13.1Potential Energy Curves and Energetics of Adsorption
- 13.2Definition and Types of Adsorption isotherms
- 13.3Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm
- 13.4Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
- 13.5BET Adsorption Isotherm
- 13.6Adsorption Isobars and Adsorption Isosteres
- 13.7Gibbs Adsorption Equation
- 13.8Colloidal State of Matter
- 13.9General Methods of Preparation of Colloids
- 13.10Purification of Colloidal Solution
- 13.11Properties of Colloidal Solutions
- 13.12Stability of Sols (Solid in Liquid Colloids)
- 13.13Coagulation or Flocculation or Precipitation
- 13.14Protection of Colloids: Definition, Gold Number, Mechanism
- 13.15Emulsions and Gels
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 6: Polymer Chemistry5
- Advanced Physical Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 7: Statistical Thermodynamics11
- 15.0Definition, History and Significance of Statistical Thermodynamics
- 15.1Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) Statistics
- 15.2Bose-Einstein (BE) Statistics
- 15.3Fermi-Dirac (FD) Statistics
- 15.4Molecular Partition Function
- 15.5Comparison Between Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB), Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi-Dirac (FD) Statistics
- 15.6Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Monoatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function
- 15.7Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Diatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function
- 15.8Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Polyatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function
- 15.9Nuclear Partition Function and Its Effect Upon Total Wave Function
- 15.10Transition State Theory Using Statistical Thermodynamics
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 1: Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry3
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 2: Periodic Properties7
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 3: Coordination Chemistry: Definition, History and Nomenclature7
- 18.1Important Definitions in the Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
- 18.2Ionic Compounds – Simple Salts, Double Salts and Coordination Compounds
- 18.3Constituents of a Coordination Complex
- 18.4Determination of Composition, Charge, Oxidation State, Coordination Number and Geometry of Coordination Compounds
- 18.5Coordination Number and Possible Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds
- 18.6IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- 18.7History of Coordination Compounds
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 4: Theories of Coordination Compounds5
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 5: Isomerism in Coordination Compounds7
- 20.1Definition and Classification of Isomerism
- 20.2Structural Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- 20.3Stereoisomerism In Coordination Compounds
- 20.4Optical Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- 20.5Isomerism in Square Planer Complexes
- 20.6Isomerism in Tetrahedral Complexes
- 20.7Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 6: Stability of Coordination Compounds6
- 21.1Concept of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability of Coordination Compounds
- 21.2Stepwise and Overall Formation Constants and Their Interactions
- 21.3Trends in Stepwise Stability Constants
- 21.4Factors Affecting Stability of Coordination Compounds
- 21.5Chelate Effect or Chelation
- 21.6Kinetic Stability of Coordination Compounds: Inert and Labile Complexes
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 7: Reaction Mechanism of Coordination Compounds8
- 22.1Main Reactions of Coordination Complexes
- 22.2Ligand Displacement Reactions in Octahedral Complexes
- 22.3Acid Hydrolysis in Octahedral Coordination Complexes
- 22.4Base Hydrolysis in Octahedral Coordination Complexes
- 22.5Ligand Displacement Reactions Without Breaking Metal-Ligand Bond
- 22.6Ligand Displacement Reactions in Square Planar Complexes
- 22.7Trans Effect: Definition, Types, Theories and Applications
- 22.8Electron Transfer Reactions in Coordination Complexes
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 8: Electronic or UV-Visible Spectra of Coordination Compounds12
- 23.1Spectroscopic Term Symbols: Electronic States of Atoms
- 23.1Determination of Spectroscopic Ground State Term
- 23.1Energy Levels of Free Metal Ions of 1st Transition Series
- 23.1Selection Rules for Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes
- 23.1Correlation Diagrams for Transition Metal Complexes
- 23.1Orgel Diagrams
- 23.1Tanabe-Sugano (TS) Diagrams
- 23.1Effect of Jahn-Teller Distortion on Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes
- 23.1Spectrochemical Series in Coordination Compounds
- 23.1Nephelauxetic Series in Coordination Compounds
- 23.1Charge Transfer Spectra
- 23.1Structural Information from Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 1: Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds8
- 24.1Definition, History and Basic Terminology of Magnetism
- 24.1Theories of Magnetism: Classical and Quantum Mechanical Concepts
- 24.1Types of Magnetic Materials and Magnetism
- 24.1Magnetic Moment: Definition, Units and Measurement
- 24.1Magnetic Moment of a Free Atom or Ion
- 24.1Magnetic Moment of Coordination Complexes
- 24.1Magnetic Exchange Coupling
- 24.1Spin-State Cross Over
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 2: Chemistry of Inner Transition Elements7
- 25.0Definition and Classification of Inner Transition Elements
- 25.1Electronic Configuration of Inner Transition Elements
- 25.2Physical and Chemical Properties of Lanthanides and Actinides
- 25.3Spectral Properties of Lanthanides and Actinides
- 25.4Magnetic properties of Lanthanides and Actinides
- 25.5Separation of Lanthanides and Actinides
- 25.6Applications of Lanthanides and Acinides
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 3: Chemistry of Main Groups Elements5
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 4: Organometallic Chemistry22
- 27.1Definition, History, Types, and Applications of Organometallic Compounds
- 27.218 Electron Rule
- 27.3Metal Carbonyls
- 27.4Vibrational Spectra of Metal Carbonyls
- 27.5Metal Nitrosyls
- 27.6Metal Carbonyl Anions (Carbonylate Ions)
- 27.7Metal Carbonyl Hydrides
- 27.8Metal Nitrile and Isonitrile Complexes
- 27.9Ancillary, Amphoteric, and Sterically Non-Innocent Ligands
- 27.10Metal-Phosphine Complexes
- 27.11Metal-Olefin Complexes
- 27.12Metal-Alkyl, Metal-Carbene, Metal-Carbine, and Metal-Carbido Complexes
- 27.13Fluxionality: Ring Whizzing and Metal Carbonyl Scrambling
- 27.14Isolobal Analogy
- 27.15Sandwich Compounds
- 27.16Unique Types of Reactions in Organometallic Chemistry
- 27.17Hydrogenation of Alkenes by Wilkinson Catalyst
- 27.18Hydroformylation by Oxo Process
- 27.19Methanol Carbonylation by Monsanto Acetic Acid Process
- 27.20Oxidation of Olefins by Walker Process
- 27.21Water Gas Shift Reaction
- 27.22Olefin Polymerization with Ziegler-Natta Catalyst
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 5: Bioinorganic Chemistry8
- 28.0Definition, Classification, and Applications of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 28.1Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 28.2Metalloporphyrins
- 28.3Oxygen Transport, Binding, Storage, and Utilization
- 28.4Metalloenzymes
- 28.5Photosystems in Plant’s Photosynthesis
- 28.6Sodium-Potassium Pump: Transport of Na+ and K+ Ions
- 28.7Nitrogen Fixation
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 6: Acids and Bases7
- 29.0Theories and Concepts of Acids and Bases
- 29.1Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 29.2Acid Strength: Definition, Factor Affecting and Order
- 29.3Base Strength: Definition, Order and Factors Affecting
- 29.4Hard-Soft Acids Bases (HSAB) Theory or Pearson Principle
- 29.5Definition, Scale and Calculation of pH and pOH for Different Solutions
- 29.6Buffer Solutions
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 7: Cluster Compounds: Structure and Bonding7
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 8: Nuclear Chemistry15
- 31.0Definition, History and Applications of Nuclear Chemistry
- 31.1Atomic Nucleus: Definition, Constituents, and Important Terminology
- 31.2Proton-Electron and Proton-Neutron Hypothesis of the Nucleus
- 31.3Liquid Drop Model of Nucleus
- 31.4Nuclear Shell Model of Nucleus
- 31.5Nuclear Stability: Packing Fraction, Mass Defect, and Binding Energy
- 31.6Group Displacement Law
- 31.7Radioactive Decay
- 31.8Nuclear Reactions: Definition, Types, and Q-Value
- 31.9Nuclear Transmutation and Artificial Radioactivity
- 31.10Nuclear Fission
- 31.11Nuclear Fusion
- 31.12Scattering Cross Section of a Nucleus
- 31.13Radioactive Tracer Technique
- 31.14Neutron Activation Analysis
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 1: Organic Chemistry: Definition, History and Nomenclature5
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 2. Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry14
- 33.0Carbon and its Bonding
- 33.1Homologous Series
- 33.2Formal Charge of an Atom
- 33.3Localized and Delocalized Bonds
- 33.4Conjugated Systems
- 33.5Weak Interactions in Organic Compounds
- 33.6Inductive Effect
- 33.7Electromeric Effect
- 33.8Field Effect
- 33.9Resonance or Mesomerism
- 33.10Hyperconjugation
- 33.11Tautomerism
- 33.12Aromaticity
- 33.13Principle and Theory of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 3: Organic Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity11
- 34.0Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
- 34.1Thermodynamic and Kinetic Requirements of a Reaction
- 34.2Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control of a Reaction
- 34.3Hammond-Leffler Postulate
- 34.4Curtin-Hammett Principle
- 34.5Reaction Intermediates
- 34.6Methods of Determining Organic Reaction Mechanisms
- 34.7Isotope Effects
- 34.8Effect of Molecular Structure on Reactivity of Organic Compounds
- 34.9Hammett Equation
- 34.10Taft Equation
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 4: Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds21
- 35.0Isomerism in Organic Compounds: Definition and Classification
- 35.1Symmetry Elements
- 35.2Optical Activity
- 35.3Mirror Imagery and Isomeric Relationships
- 35.4Different Representation of Organic Molecules and their Interconversion
- 35.5Stereogenic Centre or Stereocenter: Enantiomers and Diastereomers
- 35.6Stereomerism in Organic Compounds with More Than One Chiral Centre
- 35.7External-Internal Compensation: Racemic Mixtures and Meso Compounds
- 35.8Prochirality
- 35.9Homotopic, Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Atoms, Groups and Faces
- 35.10Determination of Relative and Absolute Configuration of Organic Compounds with Chiral Center
- 35.11Optical Activity without Chiral Carbon: Chiral Axis, Chiral Plane and Helical Chirality
- 35.12Optical Purity or Enantiomeric Excess
- 35.13Racemization and the Resolution of Racemic Mixtures
- 35.14Bayer’s Strain Theory
- 35.15Conformational Isomerism in Simple Alkanes and Their Derivatives
- 35.16Conformational Analysis of Cyclopropane, Cyclobutene, Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane
- 35.17Geometrical and Conformational Isomers of Decalins
- 35.18Geometrical Isomerism in Alkenes and Oximes
- 35.19Methods of Determining Geometrical Configurations
- 35.20Asymmetric Synthesis
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 5: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions17
- 36.0Definition and Types of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- 36.1SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) Mechanism
- 36.2SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) Mechanism
- 36.3Mixed SN1 and SN2 Mechanism
- 36.4SNi (Substitution Nucleophilic Internal) Mechanism
- 36.5Nucleophilic Substitution by SET (Single-Electron Transfer) Mechanism
- 36.6Neighbouring Group Participation Mechanisms: Anchimeric Assistance
- 36.7Effects of Substrate Structure, Attacking Nucleophile, Leaving Group and Reaction Medium on the Reactivity of Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution
- 36.8Ambident Nucleophiles and Regioselectivity
- 36.9Phase Transfer Catalysis
- 36.10Nucleophilic Substitution at Aliphatic Trigonal Carbon
- 36.11ArSN1 or Aryl Cation Mechanism
- 36.12ArSN2 or Addition-Elimination Mechanism
- 36.13Aryne (Benzyne) or Elimination-Addition Mechanism
- 36.14Substitution Radical Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SRN1) Mechanism
- 36.15Effect of Substrate Structure, Leaving Group, and Attacking Nucleophile on the Reactivity of Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution
- 36.16Some Important Name Reactions Involving Nucleophilic Substitution
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 6: Electrophilic Substitution Reactions12
- 37.0Definition and Types of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- 37.1Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Arenium Ion Mechanism
- 37.2Orientation and Reactivity in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 37.3Quantitative Treatment of Reactivity in Substrates and Electrophiles
- 37.4Nitration, Sulfonation and Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds
- 37.5Friedel-Crafts Reactions
- 37.6The SE1 (Substitution Electrophilic Unimolecular) Mechanism
- 37.7SE2 (Substitution Electrophilic Bimolecular) Mechanism
- 37.8SEi (Substitution Electrophilic Internal) Mechanism
- 37.9Effect of Substrates, Leaving Group and the Solvent Polarity on the Reactivity of Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution
- 37.10Electrophilic Substitution Accompanied by Double Bond Shifts
- 37.11Some Important Name Reactions Including Electrophilic Substitution
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 7: Radical Substitution Reactions5
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 8: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions12
- 39.0Definition and Types of Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- 39.1Nucleophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bond
- 39.2Michael Reaction
- 39.3Nucleophilic Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bond
- 39.4Mechanism of Metal Hydride Reduction of Saturated and Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds, Acids, Esters and Nitriles
- 39.5Addition of Grignard Reagents, Organozinc and Organolithium Reagents to Carbonyl and Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
- 39.6Wittig Reaction
- 39.7Aldol Condensation
- 39.8Claisen Condensation
- 39.9Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
- 39.10Ammonolysis of Esters
- 39.11Some Important Name Reactions Involving Nucleophilic Addition
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 1: CHAPTER 9: Electrophilic Addition Reactions12
- 40.0Definition and Types of Electrophilic Addition Reaction
- 40.1Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bond
- 40.2Markovnikov Rule: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
- 40.3Factors Affecting the Reactivity of Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds
- 40.4Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes
- 40.5Halogenation of Alkenes
- 40.6Addition to Cyclopropane Ring
- 40.7Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds and Aromatic Rings
- 40.8Hydroboration-Reduction
- 40.9Oxymercuration Reaction
- 40.10Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Hetero Atom Multiple Bond
- 40.11Important Name Reactions Involving Electrophilic Addition
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 1: Radical Addition Reactions5
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 2: Cycloaddition Reactions12
- 42.0Definition and Types of Cycloaddition Reactions
- 42.1Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Theory of Cycloaddition Reaction
- 42.2Diels-Alder Reaction
- 42.3Correlation Diagrams of Cycloaddition Reactions
- 42.4Woodward Hoffman Rules for Cycloaddition Reactions
- 42.5Huckel-Mobius or Perturbed Molecular Orbital (PMO) Treatment of Cycloaddition Reactions
- 42.6Retrocycloaddition or Cycloreversion Reactions
- 42.7Chelotropic Reactions
- 42.8[2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions
- 42.9Cycloaddition Involving More Than [4+2] Electrons
- 42.10Cycloaddition of Cations and Anions
- 42.111,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 3: 1,2-Rearrangements0
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 4: Metathesis Reactions7
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 5: Electrocyclic Reactions7
- 45.0Definition and Types of Electrocyclic Reactions
- 45.1Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions
- 45.2Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Treatment of Electrocyclic Reactions
- 45.3Correlation Diagrams for Electrocyclic Reactions
- 45.4Woodward Hoffman Rules for Electrocyclic Reactions
- 45.5Huckel-Mobius (HM) or Perturbation Molecular Orbital (PMO) Approach to Electrocyclic Reaction
- 45.6Nazarov Cyclization
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 6: Sigmatropic Rearrangements9
- 46.0Definition and Types of Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.1Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory of Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.2[1, n] Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.3[m, n] Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.4Cope Rearrangement
- 46.5Claisen Rearrangement
- 46.6Correlation Diagram for Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.7Woodward-Hoffman Rules for Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- 46.8Huckel-Mobius (HM) or Perturbed Molecular Orbital Method Approach to Sigmatropic Rearrangements
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 7: Elimination Reactions7
- 47.0Definition and Types of Elimination Reactions
- 47.1E1 (Unimolecular Elimination) Reactions
- 47.2E2 (Bimolecular Elimination) Reactions
- 47.3E1CB (Conjugate Base Elimination) Mechanism
- 47.4Orientation and Stereochemistry of the Double Bond in Elimination Reactions
- 47.5Factor Affecting the Reactivity of Elimination Reactions
- 47.6Pyrolytic syn or Elimination Internal (Ei) Reactions
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 8: Organic Redox Reactions0
- Advanced Organic Chemistry – Volume 2: CHAPTER 9: Chemistry of Natural Products0
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts of Matter4
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 2: Nature of the Electromagnetic Radiation9
- 51.0Electromagnetic Radiation
- 51.1Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter
- 51.2Regions of the Spectrum
- 51.3Spectrophotometer: Instrumentation, Method, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- 51.4Width of the Spectral Line: Collision, Doppler and Natural Broadening
- 51.5Intensity of the Spectral Line: Transition Probability and Population of States
- 51.6Slit Width and Resolving Power of Spectrophotometer
- 51.7Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
- 51.8Light Amplification by Stimulated emission of Radiation (LASER)
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 3: Rotational or Microwave Spectroscopy8
- 52.0Definition and Condition of Rotational Spectra
- 52.1Types of Molecules and Rotational Activity
- 52.2Rotational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Rigid Rotor
- 52.3Rotational Spectra of Diatomic Molecule as Non-Rigid Rotor
- 52.4Rotational Spectra of Linear Polyatomic Molecules
- 52.5Rotational Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecule
- 52.6Effect of Electric Field On Rotational Spectral Lines (Stark Effect)
- 52.7Microwave Spectrophotometer: Instrumentation and Working
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 4: Vibrational or Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy10
- 53.0Definition and Condition of Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy
- 53.1Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- 53.2Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Anharmonic Oscillator
- 53.3Vibrational-Rotational Spectra of a Diatomic Molecule
- 53.4Infrared Activity of Vibrational Modes of Polyatomic Molecules
- 53.5Vibrational Spectra of Linear Polyatomic Molecules
- 53.6Effect of Nuclear Spin on the Vibrational-Rotational Spectra
- 53.7Vibrational Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecules
- 53.8Infrared Spectrophotometer: Instrumentation and Technique
- 53.9Structure Determination of Organic Compounds Using IR Spectra
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 5: Raman Spectroscopy11
- 54.0Raman Spectroscopy: Definition and History and Applications
- 54.1Theories of Raman Effect
- 54.2Pure Rotational Raman Spectra of Linear Molecules
- 54.3Pure Rotational Raman Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecules
- 54.4Raman Activity of Vibrations
- 54.5Vibrational Raman Spectra
- 54.6Vibrational Rotational Raman Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
- 54.7Polarization of Light and Raman Effect
- 54.8Determination of Molecular Structure Using Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy
- 54.9Raman Resonance Spectroscopy
- 54.10Raman Spectrophotometer
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 1: CHAPTER 6: Electronic or UV-Visible Spectroscopy7
- 55.0Electronic Spectra of Atoms
- 55.1Franck-Condon Principle
- 55.2Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
- 55.3Electronic Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules
- 55.4Woodward Fieser rule for Calculating λmax of Conjugated Organic Compounds
- 55.5Chemical Analysis of Organic Compounds by UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- 55.6UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: Principle, Instrumentation, and Working
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 1: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy11
- 56.0Nuclear Spin: Origin, Angular Momentum, and Magnetic Moment
- 56.1Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- 56.2Position of NMR Signal: Shielding and Deshielding of a Proton
- 56.3Intensity of NMR Signal: Peak Area and Proton Counting
- 56.4Multiplicity of NMR Signal: Spin-Spin Coupling
- 56.5Width of NMR Signal: Types of Relaxation Process
- 56.6Chemical Exchange Phenomenon on NMR Spectra
- 56.7C13 NMR Spectroscopy (CMR)
- 56.8NMR Spectra of N15, F19, P31
- 56.9Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrophotometer: Continuous Wave (CW) vs Pulse NMR Techniques
- 56.10Structure Determination of Organic Compounds Using NMR Spectra
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 2: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) Spectroscopy3
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 3: Electron Spin/Paramagnetic Resonance (ESR or EPR) Spectroscopy7
- 58.0Electron Spin Resonance: Definition, Principle and Applications
- 58.1Width and Intensity of EPR Signal
- 58.2Position of Electron Spin Resonance
- 58.3Hyperfine Coupling in EPR Spectrum: Electron-Nucleus Coupling
- 58.4Fine Structure in EPR Spectrum: Electron-Electron Coupling
- 58.5Electron-Nucleus Double Resonance in EPR Spectroscopy
- 58.6Kramer Degeneracy in ESR Spectroscopy
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 4: Mass Spectrometry9
- 59.0Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
- 59.1Mass Spectrometry: Principle, Instrumentation, and Working
- 59.2Origin of Multiple M-Peaks and Their Intensity Ratio
- 59.3Molecular Ion Peaks in Cl an Br Containing Compounds
- 59.4Position of Parent Peak
- 59.5Fragmentation Rules in Mass Spectrometry
- 59.6Determination of Molecular Weight and Molecular Formula from Mass Spectrometry
- 59.7Metastable Ion Peak
- 59.8Structure Elucidation of Organic Compounds Using Mass Spectrometry
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 5: Mossbauer Spectroscopy5
- Advanced Spectroscopy – Volume 2: CHAPTER 6: Structure Determination of Organic Compounds3