IIT-JEE, NEET, 11th & 12th: Chemistry / Chemical Science (SS)

Daily Timings: 9:00 – 10:00 am & 3:00 – 4:00 pm

General Introduction of Chemistry

Importance and Scope of Chemistry

Definition and Classification of Matter

Elements

Compounds

Mixtures

Comparison Between Compounds and Mixtures

Atoms and Molecules

Physical Quantities and Their Units

Dimensional Analysis and Unit Conversion

Significant Figures and Rounding Off

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportion

Law of Multiple Proportions

Law of Reciprocal Proportions

Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volume

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Avogadro’s Law

Atomic Mass

Molecular Mass

Formula Mass

Equivalent Mass

Mole Concept and Molar Mass

Percentage Composition of a Chemical Compounds from Its Formula

Empirical and Molecular Formula

Balancing of Chemical Equations

Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

Limiting Reagent

Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC) Method for Solving Chemical Equations

General Introduction to Atomic Structure

Discovery of Electron: Cathode Ray Experiment

Discovery of Proton (Anode Rays)

Discovery of Neutron

Cubical Model of Atom

Thomson Model of Atom

Saturnian Model of the Atom

Rutherford Model of Atom

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Mirror Nuclei and Isoelectronic Species

Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light

Planck’s Quantum Theory of Light

Spectra and Its Types

Black Body Radiation

Photoelectric Effect

Heat Capacity of Monoatomic Solids

Bohr Model of Atom

Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen

Sommerfeld Atomic Model

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Wave Mechanical Model of Atom

Rules for Filling Electrons in Orbitals: Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule

Electronic Configuration of Atoms

Stability of Half Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals

Test Series: Atomic Structure

Periodic Table: Classification of Elements

Historic Development of Periodic Table

Modern Periodic Law

Present Form or Long Form of the Periodic Table (Bohr’s Table) & Its Features

Atomic or Periodic Properties

Atomic Radius

Ionic radius

Ionization Potential

Electron Gain Enthalpy or Electron Affinity

Electronegativity

Metallic and Non-Metallic Character

Periodicity of Valence

Definition and Types Chemical Bond

Bond Parameters

Octate Rule and Its Significance

Electrovalent or Ionic Bond

Metallic Bond

Covalent Bond

Oxidation Number and Formal Charge of an Atom

Dipole Moment and Its Significance in Molecular Structure

Lewis Theory of Covalent Bond

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Orbital Hybridization

Resonance or Structural Hybridization

Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Diagram of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

Molecular Orbital Diagram of Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

Comparison Between Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory

London Dispersion Force

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Hydrogen Bond

Introduction to States of Matter

Intermolecular Forces

Thermal Energy of a Substance

Introduction to Gaseous State of Matter

Measurement of Mass, Volume, Pressure and Temperature of a Gas

Boyel’s Law

Charle’s Law

Gay-Lussac’s Laws

Avogadro’s Law of Gases

Ideal Gas Law or Combined Gas Law

Graham’s Law of Diffusion

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Role of Gas Laws in Elucidating the Concept of the Molecule

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic Gas Equation and Its Use to Deduce Gas Laws

Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds

Collision Diameter and Collision Cross Section

Collision Number, Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path

Deviation from Ideal Behaviour (Real Gases)

Comparison Between Ideal and Real Gases

Liquefaction of Gases and Critical Temperature

Joule-Thomson Effect

Introduction of Liquid State of Matter

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids

Vapour Pressure

Viscosity of Liquids

Surface Tension

General Introduction of Thermodynamics

Some Basic Terms of Thermodynamics

Concept of Internal Energy, Heat, and Work

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

First law of Thermodynamics

Enthalpy of Heat Content

Heat Capacity of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Experimental Measurement of ΔU and ΔH (Calorimetry)

Variation of Internal Energy with Volume at Constant Temperature (Joule’s Law)

Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Thermochemistry: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

Thermochemical Equations

Heat or Enthalpy of a Reaction: Definition, Factor Affecting and Types

Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transition

Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation

Heat of the Reaction at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure

Bond Enthalpy or Bond Energy

Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy Concept

Entropy of Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Entropy Change of Various Physical Processes

Spontaneity of a Process in Terms of Entropy Change

Helmholtz Free Energy

Gibbs Free Energy or Gibbs Function

Effect of Temperature on the Spontaneity of a Process

Spontaneity of a Process in Terms of Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Gibbs Free Energy and Helmholtz Free Energy

Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Relations from Ideal Gas Law

General Introduction of Equilibrium

Equilibrium in Physical Processes

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Equilibrium in Chemical Processes

Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium

Law of Mass Action

Law of Chemical Equilibrium

Equilibrium Constant

Relationship Between Kp, Kc, Ka, and Kx

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibrium

Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant and Degree of Dissociation

Applications of Equilibrium Constant

Free Energy Change and Chemical Equilibrium

Relationship of Free Energy with Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient

Factors Affecting Equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s Principle

Ionic Equilibrium: Degree of Ionization in Strong and Weak Electrolytes

Ostwald’s Dilution Law

Various Concepts of Acids and Bases and Formation of Salts

Relative Strength of Various Acids and Bases

Ionization Constant and Ionic Product of Water

Concept of pH and pOH

Salt Hydrolysis

Acid-Base Titrations

Solubility Equilibrium and Solubility Product

Common Ion Effect

Buffer Solutions and Buffer Action

Henderson Equation

General Introduction of Redox Reactions

Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction: Electron Transfer Concept

Competitive Electron Transfer or Redox Reactions

Oxidation Number

The Paradox of Fractional Oxidation Number

Types of Redox Reactions

Balancing of Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions as the Basis of Titration

Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes

Applications of Redox Reactions

General Introduction of Hydrogen

Unique Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Occurrence of Hydrogen

Dihydrogen: Preparation, Properties, and Use

Hydrides

Water (H2O)

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Heavy Water, D2O

Hydrogen Economy (H2 as Fuel)

General Introduction of s-Block Elements

Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals

General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals

Anomalous Properties of Lithium

Diagonal Relationship between Lithium and Magnesium

Some Important Compounds of Sodium

Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium

Group 2 Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals

General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals

Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium

Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium

Some Important Compounds of Calcium

Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium

General Introduction of p-Block Elements

Group 13 Elements: The Boran Family

Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron

Some Important Compounds of Boron

Uses of Boron and Aluminium and Their Compounds

Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family

Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon

Allotropes of Carbon

Properties of Carbon

Use of Carbon

Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon

General Introduction of Organic Compounds

Distinction Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Vital Force Theory of Organic Compounds

Tetravalency of Carbon

Shape of Organic Molecules

Representation of Organic Compounds

Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules

Classification of Organic Compounds

Functional or Characteristic Group

Homologous Series

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Isomerism of Organic Compounds

Optical Activity

Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism, and Identical Compounds

Racemic Mixtures (External Compensation)

Meso Compounds (Internal Compensation)

Terminology Used in Organic Reaction Mechanism

Classification of Organic Reaction Mechanism on the Basis of Fission of a Covalent Bond

Types of Organic Reactions

Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

Inductive Effect

Electromeric Effect

Resonance or Mesomerism

Hyperconjugation

Aromatic, Antiaromatic and Non-Aromatic Compounds

Reactive Intermediates

Double Bond Equivalent (DBE) or an Organic Compound

Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

General Introduction of Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons

Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes

Preparation, Properties and Use of Alkanes

Conformational Isomerism in Alkanes

Definition, Structure and Nomenclature of Alkenes

Preparation, Properties and Use of Alkenes

Geometrical Isomerism in Alkenes

Definition, Structure and Nomenclature of Alkynes

Preparation, Properties and Use of Alkynes

Isomerism in Alkynes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons or Arenes: Definition, Structure and Nomenclature

Preparation, Properties and Use of Arenes

Isomerism in Arenes

Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

General Introduction of Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Pollution

Types of Pollutants and Pollution

Atmospheric or Air Pollution

Chemical Reactions Occurring In Atmosphere

Tropospheric Pollution: Major Atmospheric Pollutants

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

Smog and Its Types

Acid Rain

Stratospheric Pollution: Ozon Layer and its Significance

Water Pollution

Soil Pollution

Industrial Waste

Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution

Green Chemistry

General Introduction to Solids

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

Classification of Solids Based Upon Different Binding Forces

Close Packing of Identical Solid Spheres

Space lattice and Unit Cells

Calculation of Number of Atoms or Particles Per Unit Cell

Calculation of Mass, Volume, and Density of a Unit Cell

Relationship Between Atomic Radius, Edge Length, and Nearest Neighbouring Distance in a Cubic Unit Cell

Size of Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

Void Occupancy and Formula of the Compound

Radius Ratio Rule

Packing Fraction in Simple, Face Centered, and Body-Centered Cubic Lattice

Structure of Some Simple Ionic Compounds

Isomorphism and Polymorphism in Crystalline Solids

Defects in Crystals

Electrical Properties of Solids

Magnetic Properties of Solids

General Introduction to Solutions

Types of Solutions

Expression of Concentration of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Solution of Gases in Liquids

Solution of Solids in Solids (Solid Solutions)

Raoult’s Law: Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions

Azeotropic or Constant Boiling Mixture

Definition and Types of Colligative Properties

Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

Osmotic Pressure

Elevation in Boiling Point

Depression in Freezing Point

Abnormal Molar Masses

General Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

Classification of Chemical Reactions on the Basis of Rate

Rate of Reaction

Factors Affecting the Rates of Reaction

Rate Law: Order and Molecularity of a Reaction

Differential Rate Equation for Zero, First, Second, and Third Order Reactions

Integrated Rate Equations

Half-life Period of a Reaction

Determination of Rate Law, Rate Constant and Order of a Reaction

Rate of Radioactive Decay or Disintegration

Pseudo-First Order Reactions

Activation Energy of Reactions

Arrhenius Equation: Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reactions

Catalysts: Definition, Types, Turnover Number & Turnover Frequency

Reversible, Parallel, and Consecutive Reactions

Collision Theory of Reaction Rate

Transition State or Activated Complex Theory

General Introduction to Surface Chemistry

Adsorption

Factors Affecting Adsorption of Gases by Solids

Types of Adsorptions

Comparison Between Physical and Chemical Adsorption

Energetics of Adsorption

Definition and Types of Adsorption Isotherms

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm

Adsorption Isobars

Adsorption Isostere

Adsorption from Solution Phase

Applications of Adsorption

Definition of Catalyst and Catalysis

Positive and Negative Catalysis

Catalytic Promoters and Inhibitors

Types of Catalysis (Homogeneous and Heterogenous Catalysis)

Autocatalysis and Induced Catalysis

Zeolites as Shape-Selective Catalysts

Enzyme Catalysis

Catalysts Used in Industries

Colloidal State of Matter

Comparison Between True Solutions, Colloidal Solutions and Suspensions

Classification of Colloidal Solutions or Colloids

Preparation of Colloidal Solutions

Purification of Colloidal Solution or Colloids

Properties of Colloidal Solutions

Electrical Charge on Colloidal Particles

Coagulation of Colloids

Hardy Schulze Law

Protective Action of Lyophilic Colloids and Gold Number

Emulsions

Gels

Application of Colloids

General Introduction to Metallurgy

Occurrence of Metals: Minerals and Ores

Concentration of Ores

Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore

Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy

Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy

Extraction of Elements (Metals and Non-Metals) by Oxidation and Reduction

Refining of Metals

Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

Group 15 Elements: The Nitrogen Family

Anomalous Behavior of Nitrogen

Dinitrogen (N2)

Ammonia (NH3)

Oxides of Nitrogen

Nitric Acid

Phosphorus: Allotropic Forms

Phosphine

Phosphorus Halides

Oxoacids of Phosphorus

Group 16 Elements: The Oxygen Family

Anomalous Behavior of Oxygen

Dioxygen

Simple Oxides

Ozone

Sulphur: Allotropic Forms

Sulphur Dioxide

Oxoacids of Sulphur

Sulphuric Acid

Group 17 Elements: The Halogen Family

Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine

Chlorine

Hydrogen Chloride

Oxoacids of Halogens

Interhalogen Compounds

Polyhalide Ions

Pseudo Halides

Group 18 Elements: Nobel Gases

Structure of Xenon Compounds

General Introduction to d-Block Elements

Electronic Configuration of d-Block or Transition Elements

General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)

Spectral and Magnetic Properties of First Row Transition Metals

Interstitial Compounds and alloy formation

Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements

General Introduction to f-Block or Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanides

Actinides

Comparison between Lanthanoids and Actinides

Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements

Introduction to Coordination Compounds

Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds

Origin of Metal Complexes

Comparison Between Double Salts and Coordination Compounds

Types of Ligands in a Coordination Compound

Experimental Determination of Composition, Charge, Oxidation State, Coordination Number and Geometry of Coordination Compounds

Coordination Number and Expected Geometry of Coordination Compounds

IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Warner’s Theory

Sidgwick Theory

Valence Bond Theory of Coordination Complexes

Crystal Field Theory (CFT)

Stability of Coordination Compounds

Inert and Labile Complexes

Organometallic Compounds

Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

General Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Nomenclature of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Nature of C-X Bond in Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides

Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes

Physical and Chemical Properties Alkyl Halides

Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions in Aliphatic Alkyl Halides (SN1 and SN2)

Comparison of SN1 and SN2 Reactions

Saytzeff Elimination

Elimination vs Substitution

Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes

Physical and Chemical Properties Aryl Halides

Polyhalogen Compounds

General Introduction of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Structures of Alcoholic, Phenolic and Ether Functional Groups

Methods of Preparation of Alcohols and Phenols

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidic Nature of Alcohols and Phenols

Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols

Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohol

Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols

Iodoform Test for Alcohol

Distinction Between Alcohols and Phenols

Some Commercially Important Alcohols and Phenols

Preparation of Ethers

Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers

Mechanism of Ether Cleavage

Uses of Ethers

General Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones

Structure and Nature of the Carbonyl Group in Organic Compounds

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Mechanism of Nucleophilic Addition

Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes

Chemical Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

Structure of Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

Acidic Nature of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Distinction Between Formic Acid and Acetic Acid

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

General Introduction of Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Classification of Nitro Compounds

Structure of Nitro Compounds

Nomenclature of Nitro Compounds

Methods of Preparation Nitro Compounds

Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitro Compounds

Uses of Nitro Compounds

Classification of Amines

Electronic Structure of Amines

Nomenclature of Amines

Isomerism in Amines

Methods of Preparation of Amines

Basic Character of Amines

Physical and Chemical Properties of Amines

Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines

Important Uses of Amines

Stability of Diazonium Salts

Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts

Physical and Chemical Properties of Diazonium Salts

Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

General Introduction to Biomolecules

Definition and Classification of Carbohydrates

Tests for Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide (Glucose and Fructose) and Their D-L Configuration

Oligosaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)

Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen)

Importance of Carbohydrates

Elementary Idea of Amino Acids, Peptide Bond, Polypeptides, Proteins

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Denaturation of Proteins

Biological Functions of Proteins

Enzymes

Definition and Classification of Vitamins

Functions of Different Vitamins

Hormones

Definition, Types and Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids

Structure of DNA and RNA

Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

Similarities and Differences Between DNA and RNA

General Introduction of Polymers

Classification of Polymers

Types of Polymerization Reactions

Stereochemistry of Polymers

Molecular Mass of Polymers

Copolymerization

Rubber

Biodegradable Polymers

Polymers of Commercial Importance

General Introduction of Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and their Classification

Drug-Target Interaction

Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs

Chemicals in Food

Cleansing Agents